Laws of addition and multiplication

Commutative law of addition: m + n = n + m . A sum isn뭪 changed at rearrangement of its addends.

Commutative law of multiplication: m � n = n � m . A product isn뭪 changed at rearrangement of its factors.

Associative law of addition: ( m + n ) + k = m + ( n +  k ) = m + n + k . A sum doesn뭪 depend on grouping of its addends.

Associative law of multiplication: ( m � n ) � k = m � ( n �  k ) = m � n �  k . A product doesn뭪 depend on grouping of its factors.

Distributive law of multiplication over addition: ( m + n ) � k = m �  k + n � k . This law expands the rules of operations with brackets (see the previous section).